Torsión de cordón espermático: análisis de situación en un período de 4 años en la Clínica Quirúrgica Pediátrica del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguay / Torsion of spermatic cord: situation analysis over a period of 4 years in Pediatric Surgical Clinic of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center, Montevideo, Uruguay / Torção do cordão espermático: análise da situação ao longo de um período de 4 anos em Clinica Cirúrgica Pediátrica do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell, Montevideo, Uruguai

Introducción: El sindrome escrotal agudo es una causa frecuente de consulta en la urgencia pediátrica y el diagnóstico de su etiología puede ser realmente un desafío para el pediatra y el cirujano. Existen múltiples etiologías posibles, siendo la torsión de cordón espermático la más importante, porque el retraso en su diagnóstico y tratamiento conlleva una alta incidencia de necrosis gonadal. Esta patología debe considerarse una emergencia quirúrgica. El objetivo de este artículo es conocer la situación de la torsión de cordón espermático en nuestro medio ya que existe un único estudio sobre esta patología realizado hace más de 30 años. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se identificaron todas las escrototomías realizadas con planteo clínico de síndrome escrotal agudo con la sospecha de una torsión de cordón espermático, en el período comprendido entre el 1.º de enero de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2018. Se analizó la edad de los pacientes, patología diagnosticada en el intraoperatorio, lado afectado, sentido de la rotación y procedimiento realizado. Resultados: En el período comprendido entre el 1.º de enero de 2015 y el 31 de diciembre de 2018 se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 68 pacientes con diagnóstico de sindrome escrotal agudo. Del total, 49 pacientes (72 %) presentaron una torsión de cordón espermático, y a 16 (32,6 %) se les realizó orquiectomía. A todos se les realizó pexia testicular contralateral en el mismo acto quirúrgico. Conclusiones: En el período analizado fueron intervenidos 49 pacientes con torsión de cordón espermático. En 16 casos se realizó orquiectomía. Se identificó una leve predominancia del lado derecho, y el sentido de la rotación fue principalmente interno, si bien existe un importante subregistro de dicho dato en las descripciones operatorias. En el 72 % de los pacientes en quienes se decidió conservar la gónada, el cirujano describe una importante isquemia testicular, por lo que resulta fundamental realizar, para un futuro artículo, el seguimiento de estos pacientes para conocer su evolución.

Introduction: Acute scrotal syndrome is a frequent cause of consultation in the pediatric emergency and the diagnosis of its etiology can really be a challenge for the pediatrician and the surgeon. There are multiple possible etiologies, with torsion of the spermatic cord being the most important due to the high incidence of gonadal necrosis that the delay in diagnosis and treatment entails. This pathology should be considered a surgical emergency. The objective of this article is to know the situation of spermatic cord torsion in our environment since there is only one study done on this pathology more than 30 years ago. Material and method: A descriptive and retrospective observational study was carried out. All scrototomies performed with a clinical approach to acute scrotal syndrome were identified with the suspicion of spermatic cord torsion in the period between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. The patients' age, pathology was analyzed. Diagnosed intraoperatively, affected side, direction of rotation and procedure performed. Results: In the period between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018, 68 patients were diagnosed with a diagnosis of acute scrotal syndrome. Of the total, 49 patients (72 %) had spermatic cord torsion, and 16 (32.6 %) had orchiectomy. All of them underwent contralateral testicular pexia in the same surgical act. Conclusions: In the analyzed period, 49 patients with spermatic cord torsion were operated. In 16 cases orchiectomy was performed. A slight predominance of the right side was identified, and the direction of rotation was mainly internal, although there is an important underreporting of this data in the operative descriptions. In 72 % of the patients in whom it was decided to preserve the gonad, the surgeon describes an important testicular ischemia, so it is essential for a future article to monitor these patients to know their evolution.

Introdução: A síndrome escrotal aguda é uma causa freqüente de consulta na emergência pediátrica e o diagnóstico de sua etiologia pode realmente ser um desafio para o pediatra e o cirurgião. Existem múltiplas etiologias possíveis, sendo a torção do cordão espermático a mais importante devido à alta incidência de necrose gonadal que o atraso no diagnóstico e tratamento acarreta. Essa patologia deve ser considerada uma emergência cirúrgica. O objetivo deste artigo é conhecer a situação de torção do cordão espermático em nosso ambiente, uma vez que existe apenas um estudo sobre essa patologia há mais de 30 anos. Material e método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional descritivo e retrospectivo. Todas as escrototomias realizadas com abordagem clínica da síndrome escrotal aguda foram identificadas com suspeita de torção espermática no período de 1 de janeiro de 2015 a 31 de dezembro de 2018. A idade dos pacientes foi analisada. diagnosticado no intraoperatório, lado afetado, direção da rotação e procedimento realizado. Resultados: No período de 1 de janeiro de 2015 a 31 de dezembro de 2018, 68 pacientes foram diagnosticados com diagnóstico de síndrome escrotal aguda. Do total, 49 pacientes (72 %) apresentaram torção espermática e 16 (32,6 %) tiveram orquiectomia. Todos foram submetidos a pexia testicular contralateral no mesmo ato cirúrgico. Conclusões: No período analisado, foram operados 49 pacientes com torção espermática. Em 16 casos, foi realizada orquiectomia. Foi identificada uma ligeira predominância do lado direito, e o sentido de rotação era principalmente interno, embora exista uma importante subnotificação desses dados nas descrições operatórias. Em 72 % dos pacientes nos quais foi decidido preservar a gônada, o cirurgião descreve uma importante isquemia testicular, por isso é essencial que um artigo futuro monitore esses pacientes para conhecer sua evolução.

Torsion du cordon spermatique chez l'adulte. Aspects diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques au Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire Sylvanus Olympio de Lomé

Objectifs : Etudier les aspects diagnostiques, thérapeutiques et pronostiques des torsions du cordon spermatique. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective, et était inclus dans l'étude tous les patients de plus de 15 ans admis en urgence pour une douleur scrotale aiguë et chez qui le diagnostic d'une torsion du cordon spermatique était suspecté durant la période d'étude.Résultats : Sur une période de 12 mois allant du 1er janvier 2015 au 31 décembre 2015, 22 patients étaient colligés. L'âge moyen des patients était de 22 ans avec des extrêmes allant de 17 à 35 ans. Le diagnostic était clinique dans tous les cas et dans 100% des cas les constatations per opératoires étaient en faveur d'une torsion du cordon spermatique. Le tour maximum de spire était de 4 tours. L'orchidectomie avait été réalisée chez 4 patients. Dans tous les autres cas une orchidopexie bilatérale était réalisée.Conclusion : La vitalité du testicule dans les torsions du cordon spermatique est surtout fonction de la durée de la torsion et du degré de la torsion

Torção testicular: suspeita clínica e abordagem / Testicular torsion: clinical suspicion and approach

A torção testicular é uma emergência urológica frequente e seu reconhecimento e conduta precoces são necessários visto que a janela terapêutica é estreita e são graves os prejuízos quando retardada a correção, que geralmente é cirúrgica.

Testicular torsion is a frequent urological emergency and its early recognition and management are imperative, since the therapeutic window is narrow and there are serious losses when the correction is delayed, which is usually surgical.

Scrotal pain: Evaluation and management

Scrotal pain is a common complaint in a urological practice. Its diagnosis can prove challenging in both acute and chronic forms and requires a thorough and complete history and physical examination. This article discusses the evaluation and management of several entities of scrotal pain, including testicular torsion, epididymitis, postvasectomy pain, varicocele, and chronic orchialgia.

Torção de testículo - artigo de revisão / Testicular torsion - review article

A torção testicular é uma emergência urológica bastante frequente que necessita de rápida intervenção para evitar a perda do órgão acometido. Diagnóstico precoce e tratamento cirúrgico imediato habitualmente preservam a função testicular.

Testicular torsion is a very common urological emergency that require rapid intervention to prevent loss of the affected organ. Early diagnosis and immediate surgical treatment usually preserve the testicular function.

Aspects epidemiologique; clinique et therapeutique de la torsion du cordon spermatiques (TCS) a l'hopital provincial du nord - Kivu en Republique democratique du Congo

Objectif : Decrire les aspects epidemiologiques; cliniques et therapeutiques de la torsion du cordon spermatique. Patients et methodes : Cette etude retrospective a ete menee dans le service de chirurgie de l'Hopital Provincial du Nord - Kivu a l'Est de la Republique Democratique du Congo. Elle a concerne 21 patients operes pour torsion du cordon spermatique durant une periode de 7 ans allant du 1er Janvier 2005 au 31 Decembre 2011.Resultat : La frequence de la torsion du cordon spermatique a ete de 21cas sur 76 soit 27.6. Elle est la deuxieme etiologie de grosses bourses aigue apres l'orchiepididymite (60;5). La tranche d'age la plus touchee se situait entre 15 - 19 ans (38). La moyenne d'age etait de 22ans +_4;58 avec des extremes allant de 2 a 43 ans. La douleur aigue de l'hemibourse homolaterale a ete le principal motif de consultation (100). La majorite des patients soit 57;1 ont consulte plus de 6 heures apres le debut de la maladie; exposant ainsi le testicule a un risque majeur de necrose. Au cours de l'operation; 16 testicules (76;19) ont ete juges viables et une orchidopexie bilaterale a ete pratiquee. Une orchidectomie completee par une orchidopexie controlaterale a ete realisee chez 5 patients (23;80). Les suites operatoires ont ete simples dans 90;47 des cas. La duree d'hospitalisation a ete de 6;1jours+_1;25.Conclusion : La torsion du cordon spermatique demeure une urgence chirurgie qui met en jeu la vitalite du testicule lorsqu'elle est diagnostiquee et traitee de facon tardive

A Nationwide Epidemiological Study of Testicular Torsion in Korea

Testicular torsion is a surgical emergency in the field of urology. Knowledge of the epidemiology and pathophysiology is significant to an urologist. However, the epidemiology of testicular torsion in Korea has not been studied. We performed a nationwide epidemiological study to improve knowledge of the epidemiology of testicular torsion. From 2006-2011, the Korean Urologic Association began the patient registry service. The annual number of patients with testicular torsion from 2006 to 2011 were 225, 250, 271, 277, 345, and 210, respectively. The overall incidence of testicular torsion in males was 1.1 per 100,000; However, the incidence in men less than 25 yr old was 2.9 per 100,000. Adolescents showed the highest incidence. Total testicular salvage rate was 75.7% in this survey. There was no geographic difference of testicular salvage rate. Minimizing the possibility of orchiectomy for testicular torsion is important to improve public awareness to expedite presentation and provider education to improve diagnosis and surgery.

Diagnóstico diferencial y manejo del escroto agudo en niños / Differential diagnosis and management of the acute scrotum in children

Acute scrotum is a common entity found in pediatric emergency rooms all over the world. This is a syndrome in which fast and accurate diagnosis is vital to perform an effective treatment of the underlying disease. Testicular torsion is the first diagnosis that has to be discarded. Torsion of appendix testis and epididymitis or orchitis must also be considered. If clinical signs are compatible with testicular torsion, and especially if the condition has not passed the six hours threshold, surgical exploration has to be perform at once. Radiological tests cannot delaysurgical exploration. Detorsion must be achieved as soon as possible to prevent irreversible ischemia and necrosis of the testicle that could lead to an orchiectomy. Once the torsion is relieved, the testicle must be placed in warm, moist sponges to test for adequate perfusion. If the testicle has acceptable blood supply, both testicles have to be fixed to prevent similar events in the future. If health providers are familiarized with the clinical presentation of these conditions, testicular torsion and other causes of acute scrotum could be diagnosed and treated rapidly and therefore important complications, such as fertility impairment, could be prevented.

Escroto agudo en el niño / Acute scrotum syndrome in children

El síndrome de escroto agudo en el niño se caracteriza por dolor escrotal agudo, acompañado de signos inflamatorios. Las causas más frecuentes son torsión de apéndices testiculares, torsión de cordón espermático y epididimitis/orquitis. En esta revisión, se describe la clínica, métodos diagnósticos y tratamiento de estas patologías. Se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial precoz ya que el tratamiento oportuno de la torsión del cordón espermático disminuye la posibilidad de necrosis del testículo afectado.

Acute scrotum syndrome in children is characterized by acute scrotal pain, accompanied by inflammatory signs. The most common causes are torsion of testicular appendages, torsion of the spermatic chord and epididymitis/orchitis. In this review, we describe the clinical features, diagnostic methods and treatment of these pathologies. We also highlight the importance of early differential diagnosis because timely treatment of the spermatic chord torsion reduce the risk of necrosis in the affected testes.

Is procalcitonin valuable in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis

To evaluate the efficacy of procalcitonin [PCT] in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis. This experimental study was performed in the research laboratory of Dicle University, School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey between March and June 2008. The study included 24 male rats randomized equally in 3 groups: sham, epididymo-orchitis, and torsion groups. Blood samples were obtained from all rats at the beginning of the study. After torsion and infection occurred in the testes, new blood samples were obtained for PCT measurement. Then, all the right testes of the rats were excised for histopathological evaluation. The Wilcoxon signed test was used for statistical evaluation. Pre- and post PCT levels were statically compared, and PCT levels were significantly higher in the epididymo-orchitis group. Procalcitonin could be an easy, fast, and safe marker for use in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis

Acute scrotum -etiology, clinical presentation and seasonal variation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the etiology, history, physical examination findings, and seasonal variation of acute scrotal problems in children. METHODS: A retrospective review of all boys, presenting with acute scrotum to the Pediatric Surgery Clinic of the University Hospital Heraklion between January 1989 and December 2006 was performed. RESULTS: A total of 140 boys presented with scrotal pain were included. Overall the commonest cause of acute scrotum was epididymo-orchitis (35%, 95%CI: 27%-43%), followed by torsion of appendages. In contrast the most common cause in boys of preschool age was spermatic cord torsion (P<0.020). All cases of spermatic cord torsion were characterized by severe testicular pain and an absent cremasteric reflex. The interval between pain initiation and presentation to our clinic was 11.4 hours (SD:3.07) when the testis was salvaged by detorsion, and 19.0 hours (SD:6.32) when the testis was removed. The difference between means was statistical significant (p<0.001). The incidence of torsion of appendages (p<0.036) and/or spermatic cord (p<0.047) was increased in winter. CONCLUSION: The absence of cremasteric reflex in association with testicular tenderness strongly suggests testicular torsion. The low temperatures during winter may account for the increased incidence of the torsion of both the spermatic cord torsion and the appendages.

Perinatal testicular torsion: some facts and figures

Perinatal testicular torsion is a different entity from testicular torsion in the general paediatric population. Delay in management may result in testicular loss and grave consequences like anorchia. To determine the effectiveness of immediate surgical exploration in salvaging perinatal testicular torsion. A retrospective analysis was carried out between July 2003 to June 2008 on 11 surgically proved neonates with testicular torsion. All neonates underwent immediate surgical exploration irrespective of duration of symptoms. If a nonviable testis was determined intraoperatively, it was removed, otherwise detorsion and orchiopexy was done and at the same time contralateral orchiopexy was performed. Eleven patients underwent immediate surgical exploration. In 4 [36%], testis could be salvaged. In these patients duration of symptoms was less than 12 hours. Seven [64%] underwent orchiectomy due to trank necrosis, later on proved by histopathology. Neonates younger than 30 days of age presenting with clinical findings suggestive of extravaginal testicular torsion who are expeditiously explored surgically may have a high salvage rate. Time should not be wasted in undue investigations. Urgent bilateral exploration is strongly advised in all newborns presenting with either unilateral or bilateral torsion. Such policy carries diagnostic, potential therapeutic and prognostic implications

Manejo de urgencias genitourinarias en cirugía pediátrica / Management of genitourinary surgical emergencies

Las urgencias en pediatría siempre han constituido un problema frecuente y, muchas veces, difícil de resolver, ya sea por la poca historia aportada por los padres -lo que es propio de la preocupación y ansiedad de la situación-, como también por la falta de información en relación a algunas maniobras simples que pueden ser realizadas por cualquier médico. Las lesiones genitourinarias suelen desestimarse en una evaluación de urgencia, a pesar de la trascendencia que éstas pudieran tener a futuro, por lo que suelen pesquisarse en una evaluación secundaria, o luego de la aparición de complicaciones. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer los conceptos que componen el manejo de urgencias genitourinarias en cirugía pediátrica, haciendo énfasis en aquellas que ocurren con mayor frecuencia y que implican un riesgo de complicaciones deletéreas, así como también en las que, por simplicidad de maniobras, pueden ser realizadas en cualquier servicio de atención de urgencia. Los temas expuestos son: torsión testicular, torsión de hidátide testicular, parafimosis, lesiones del tracto urinario y atrapamiento de prepucio en cremallera del pantalón.

Testicular Torsion : a Fifteen Year Review in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital

Aim and Objectives: To determine the prevalent age; presentation; duration of symptoms before intervention; and outcome of management of testicular torsion (TT) in our community. Design: A fifteen-year retrospective study. Setting: University Teaching Hospital. Materials and Method: Records of patients managed for TT; January 1992- Decem- ber 2006; were reviewed. Records of 91 out of 106 patients managed during the period were available for review. The age of patient; presentation; duration of symptoms; predisposing factors; interval between presentation and operation; and outcome of management were extracted and analyzed. Results: Ninety-one patients; mean age 20.1yrs (range 8-34) were reviewed. The average duration of symptoms at presentation was 26.7hrs (range 1.5- 168). The patients were mostly 74(81.3) students. All of them presented with scrotal pain; and 66(72.5) had scrotal swelling (Left: Right=1.8:1). Torsion was partial (180-270o) in 14(15.4); and complete (360o-1440o) in 77(84.6). Intra-scrotal anatomic abnormalities were observed in 77(84.6) patients. Testes were viable in 59(64.8) patients offered bilateral orchidopexy and gangrenous in 32(35.2) that had orchi- dectomy with contralateral orchidopexy. The average duration of hospital stay was 2.8days. Most of the patients 76(83.5) were lost to follow up within 3 weeks postoperative. Conclusion: TT occurs in patients aged 8-34yrs in our immediate community. Presentation is late and most patients 77(84.6) have predisposing congenital abnormalities. There is a need for increase awareness by the general public and the health personnel's of the danger posed by delay in treating TT. Where doubts exist; early scrotal exploration should be the investigation and intervention of choice to prevent irreversible damage to the germ cells

Torsion of appendix of testis

An case of torsion of the appendix of testis is described in a 10 years old boy. He presented with sudden onset of severe pain in the left testis of 3 days duration. Emergency exploration of the left testis revealed a gangrenous appendix of the left testis. The appendix of the testis was excised and the wound was closed. The patient made a smooth post-operative recovery

Síndrome testicular agudo / Acute scrotal syndrome

Cuando el pediatra recibe a un paciente con dolor intenso en la zona escrotal, de inicio brusco y al examen verifica aumento de volumen, debe realizar un diagnóstico diferencial rápido para dilucidar si requiere tratamiento médico o debe derivarse a cirugía de urgencia para evitar compromiso vital del testículo. Es de gran ayuda revisar el tema periódicamente para actualizar los conocimientos e incorporar nuevos procedimientos diagnóstico que son de gran utilidad.